Essay about psychology - 1075 Words

As described, there are 10 different perspectives of early psychology. These perspectives are: Structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt psychology, Behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, physiological, evolutionary, cognitive, and cultural and diversity. I will only be looking at three of these perspectives still in common use today here is a summary of each. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The behavioral perspective quot;focuses on the observable behaviors; thus it does not speculate about mental processes such as thinking.quot; (Davis and Palladino, 2005).Unlike the other approaches, the behavioral perspective accentuates how it is important to learn and understand and doesnt focus on coconscious. B. F. Skinner, a well known†¦show more content†¦Educator’s and parents need to be very careful, in my opinion, when using only this approach with their children. Humanists will not label any behavior as â€Å"bad† or â€Å"wrong† but instead they will focus on the individuals right to choose what they will do or what decision they make on their own. In schools today I believe we place to much emphasis on making the child feel they have done well no matter the level of work they have produced or the actions they have chosen to take. The humanistic approach can work well when trying to improve a child’s self-esteem or cure shyness but, when a child is not told they are doing something wrong how will they then learn what is considered right and wrong in society? â€Å"Weve got youngsters here now who . . . are under the authority of the school [and] are being persuaded that there is a better way, and that way is to make their own decisions. Theyre being induced to make decisions about activities that the citizenry of the state have decided are wrong† (http://www.probe.org/docs/psy-educ.html) When used in conjunction with behaviorism and cognitive psychology a child will gain a much better understanding of their place in the world as well as what is expected of them in regards to behavior. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; â€Å"Many psychologists have accepted the cognitive perspective – where the focus is on how thought occurs, memory processes, andShow MoreRelatedPsychology : Psychology And Psychology1627 Words   |  7 Pagescovers the many questions we may have about psychology. It starts with the history and how it has changed throughout the years. It covers some of the many subfields and jobs you can have as a psychologist. It also covers the four big ideas that are associated with psychology. There are many more topics and sub-topics that will be covered within this paper on chapter 1. Section 1-1 Psychological Science is born: This section shows how the heart of psychology changes over time. In 1879, at a germanRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1519 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology has been defined by many as the study of mental disorder or behavioral problems but discoveries and developments, points to psychology as the study of human mind and its functionality which includes the way we think, act, perceive things and be able to make decisions; all these makes man a complex being. Psychology isn’t just a phenomenon; it is a scientific study. Psychology as a science answers the question â€Å"why†, proposes a theory and sets experiment to test the hypothesis. The researchRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology889 Words   |  4 PagesOne: Psychology Defined Psychology is an exceptionally multifaceted field of study, regardless, it can be commonly defined as the study of mental processes and human behavior. The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict and control the behavior of others. Psychology incorporates an extensive range of different perspectives into its general principles as well as focuses on securing them with applied research, case studies, evaluations, etc. I first became interested in psychology whenRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1018 Words   |  5 Pagesof psychology is common to talk about the psychological schools, as these are defined as groups of psychologists who shared a theoretical view and focused psychological problems with a common orientation; these have evolved over time. Psychology was first established as a separate science of biology and philosophy, that s when the real debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began start, different psychological schools represent the major theories of psychology. TheRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology892 Words   |  4 PagesWhen you first think of the word psychology, what is the first thing that comes to your mind? Well, some people might say they don’t know or some would say it’s something that has to do with the mind and/or human behavior. Psychology which comes from the Greek term â€Å"psyche† is the study of mental processes and behavior; especially those affecting behavior in a given context. There are several schools of thought in psychology. These schools include: structuralism (Wundt), functionalism (James), gestaltRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1267 Words   |  6 PagesPaper What is psychology? What impact does psychology have on the world? What does it mean to be a psychologist? These are three important questions that will be investigated throughout this paper. Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behavior. Psychology influences many behaviors in the world without anyone noticing. Watson is interested in behaviorism. This means he was interested in the behavior of people and how they act and react. Through his article, Psychology as the BehavioristRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology850 Words   |  4 PagesPsychology to me is meant to help people understand the complexity of other human beings. We have established the existence of many disorders which are mainly beyond the control of people because of chemical imbalances in the brain. Although with these reasons, we still have attached negative and positive connotations to many disorders. We have created this concept of psychology in order to help us try to find some sense of order in our lives. This can allow us to try rank ourselves next to anotherRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1703 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology has a lot of jobs to choose from.Any job in psychology is going to be involved helping people. Trying to find out why people do the things they do and trying to predi ct the behavior of people, their emotions, and mental processes. Making sure your child or any person you care about is okay mentally, is important and is the job of people who work in a major in psychology. For this paper, the roles of a psychiatrist, a counselor, and a psychologist will be discussed. The audience will learnRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1300 Words   |  6 PagesIn Psychology There are six modern psychological perspectives. These perspectives are behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, social, cultural, and biological. Each perspective has its own unique way of explaining human behavior. I think that really explains the complex mental processes and behavior, and each prospective study should not be limited to just one. The following is my explanation of the terms and comparisons between the psychodynamic and behavioral aspects relating to the OctoberRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology Essay2200 Words   |  9 PagesHow is ps ychology defined today? How did psychology start out being defined originally? Humans have always been interested in understanding their own body, especially the brain itself. Some of the first people to explore psychology were Aristotle and Socrates, (even though some of the things they thought were wrong) of course at the time they did not know what exactly they were studying. https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/introduction-to-psychology-1/intr

Different Education Between U.S and China Free Essays

Today my topic is the differences of family education between China and U. S There are many differences between the Chinese and the American education,such as attitude towards independence,the cultivation of interest,the cultivation of creativity and so on. It seems to me that the most different point is the attitude towards independence. We will write a custom essay sample on Different Education Between U.S and China or any similar topic only for you Order Now So now I emphasize the attitude towards independence. In America,most American parents think that the child is an independent individual since he is born, who has his own willing and characteristic.In order to let the children recognize that they are the masters of themselves, American parents will give their children enough freedom and will not make decisions for them in most cases. American parents willing to respect and understand their children’s feelings, thus, they always think carefully about their words and choose the appropriate time to educate their children. And in some Chinese families,They restrict their children strongly. They can’t bear that their children didn’t obey them. They require children do as their orders. Even worse,in order to control children ,they will check their cellphones and dairy.In America, most American parents emphasize more to train their children’s ability of independence once they are born. They generally believe that children’s growth must rely on their own experiences,which comes from the training in the early age. Parents encourage their children to work in their free time. The phenomenon of elder students working in society can be seen here and there,and even the primary and middle school students doing part-time job. However,Chinese parents produce a great impact on children’s future. When a baby born in a Chinese family ,his parents often design a future for him,no matter the child likes it or not.In order to make their children have a good performance in study, become outstanding, or even become a famous person in the future, they would not let children do anything except studying. So in China, we can find the following scences easily:Parents take their children to various kinds of lessons after school. Children would be punished if they didn’t get a good mark. As for the children’s independence and their abilities adapting to the society in the future, they consider little or not at all. What is said above is my presentation today. Thank you. How to cite Different Education Between U.S and China, Papers

Compare and Contrast Italian Renaissance Painting Essay Example For Students

Compare and Contrast Italian Renaissance Painting Essay The Renaissance was stimulated by the revival Of the classical art forms Of ancient Greece and Rome. The re-birth of knowledge, better known as the Renaissance, can be contributed to the teachings Of the Humanists at the time. Francesco Patriarch took little interest in his legal studies, and much rather preferred to spend his time learning about the classical Greek and Roman philosophers. In his readings, lying out before him were the ancient values of. Greek love of physical beauty, of nature, of freedom and the ideals of the Greek city-states [which) appeared side by side with the historical awareness, political power and firm determination of the Romans (Lets 8). From the ancient texts Patriarch, re-discovered the significance of liberal studies once considered for a free man in Greek or Roman culture to follow, called Studio Humanities. A free man studying Studio Humanities, would study grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry and moral philosophy and would be called a Humanist. When Humanism began to spread, the result was the Renaissance, which restored life and values which had been buried for centuries. The renewed interest oftenest ancient ideas triggered the coming advancements in art, science and society, To contrast and differentiate the Italian Renaissance with its Northern counter-part is simplistic, o compare between the two becomes slightly more difficult. Throughout history the primary historical focus of the Renaissance was based primarily on Italy, but north of the Alps, the arts had reached an apex a century earlier in the Gothic, the antithesis of the classical. And even after the period of its Gothic prestige, Northern Renaissance art flourished and in many ways it was just as splendorous and revolutionary as the Renaissance in Italy, but just had different aspects. The Northern Renaissance was distinct from the Italian Renaissance in its centralization of political power. Countries in central and Western Europe began emerging as nation-states. The Northern Renaissance baas also closely linked to the Protestant Reformation and the long series of conflicts between the different Protestant churches and the Holy Roman Catholic Church. In the fifteenth century, Italy was not a unified country or made up of nation- states like the North, but a series of principalities, Duchies, and Republics ruled by affluent merchant families that were major patrons of art. Thus, allowing countless centers of free trade and commerce to emerge, resulting in the rapid spread and exchange of new ideas. In the North there was a fewer number of economic trade centers like in Italy, thus making the centers of free commerce in the Low Countries, France, and the Holy Roman Empire to be more spread out resulting in less communication and comparison Of new ideas. The North also did not have a wealthy merchant class to constantly fund various art projects. This was not the case in the north. In fact, the only notable similar class, like the merchants of Italy, in the North lay in the Duchy of Burgundy with the Dukes of Burgundy. The Duchy of Burgundy encompassed a territory from present-day eastern France northward to the sea, and included parts of modern Belgium and sections f the current Netherlands. It was the only state standing amid France and the vast Holy Roman Empire at the time. The dukes of Burgundy would best fit the description as a worthy counter part to the wealthy merchants of Italy. But their wealth and patronage was their only claim to a similarity, because the type of patronage and works they funded contrasts heavily with the merchants in Italy. The Dukes patronage funded illuminated manuscripts, tapestries and furnishings to fill their many castles they owned. Unlike their wealthy Italian counter parts, the merchant patrons of Italy were keener on fresco paintings, sculpture and architecture. .u7d3c75bf0581ebb63b025f4612024dbe , .u7d3c75bf0581ebb63b025f4612024dbe .postImageUrl , .u7d3c75bf0581ebb63b025f4612024dbe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7d3c75bf0581ebb63b025f4612024dbe , .u7d3c75bf0581ebb63b025f4612024dbe:hover , .u7d3c75bf0581ebb63b025f4612024dbe:visited , .u7d3c75bf0581ebb63b025f4612024dbe:active { border:0!important; } .u7d3c75bf0581ebb63b025f4612024dbe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7d3c75bf0581ebb63b025f4612024dbe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7d3c75bf0581ebb63b025f4612024dbe:active , .u7d3c75bf0581ebb63b025f4612024dbe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7d3c75bf0581ebb63b025f4612024dbe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7d3c75bf0581ebb63b025f4612024dbe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7d3c75bf0581ebb63b025f4612024dbe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7d3c75bf0581ebb63b025f4612024dbe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7d3c75bf0581ebb63b025f4612024dbe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7d3c75bf0581ebb63b025f4612024dbe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7d3c75bf0581ebb63b025f4612024dbe .u7d3c75bf0581ebb63b025f4612024dbe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7d3c75bf0581ebb63b025f4612024dbe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Guhyasmaja Akshobhyavjra with Consort EssayA difference that is often overlooked, but impacts and influences the Italian and Northern Renaissance enormously, are the individual climates of the each region. It is not often taken into consideration but how hot or how cold a climate is affects the style, texture, preservation, and medium of choice of an artist. Italy is located by the Mediterranean Sea, and in fact is geographically almost entirely engulfed by the Mediterranean. The Mediterranean, with the exceptions Of the colder regions of the Alps which lie in severe north Italy, produces a warm and damp climate for the most Of the year. This warm climate allows the Italian Renaissance artists to use a lighter paint, and in most cases lighter colors, that results in the production Of the famous Frescos that would be seen frequently through out the Italian peninsula. This was extremely different in the North, artistic style wise and obviously climate wise. The Low Countries, France, the Duchy of Burgundy, and the Holy Roman Empire are not known to be warm. In fact, the terrain is comprised of mountainous, forested, and rugged lands, with the overall climate being cold and wet with snow. Because of such a colder climate the idea of frescos was unheard of, it would have been nearly impossible o paint them in such a cold climate. The northern artists perfected the art of oil based paintings on canvases. Their oil paint would be applied thicker giving a rough texture and it was heavier than the lighter paint and application of the frescos in Italy, but not only was the paint heavier, but the color was heavier too. The climates of the respective regions can be attributable to very different stylistic techniques used by the artists of both Renaissances. The Renaissance painting was once described by Giorgio Vassar in 1558 as painting is but the imitation of things as they are, quoted from his book The Lives of the Painters, Sculptors and Architects. This is a very true comparison for both Renaissances, in the North and on the Italian Peninsula. But the stylistic techniques that define the comparison of the renaissances differ Aforementioned was the difference between mediums, resulting in different textures; a consequence of climatically different regions. But the styles of each respective renaissance still differ greatly. One such noted difference is the content and subject Of each respective region. As previously stated by Vassar painting is but the imitation of things are they re, and the things Of the north at the time was religious turmoil and conflict. In 151 7, Martin Luther nailed his ninety-five thesis to a German church door, which sparked the movement known as the Protestant Reformation. Many Northern Renaissance art works reflect not just the Protestant Reformation. UT religion on the whole. Although many Italian artists did manufacture art works involving religion but it was normally as a result of the artist being commissioned by the Catholic Church, unlike their northern counter parts where they freely depicted religion and religious struggles with or without a commission. Stylistically, the Renaissance played with the effect and emphasis of light in their paintings, The Northern Renaissance, particularly in the Low Coun tries, light was emphasized heavily, like the mediums, textures and color. The use tot light was used very dramatically and almost always drew the audiences eye to the overall subject of the work. The Northern artists would also clutter their paintings with detail and few regards to perspective. It would be rare to have a painting classified as a Northern Renaissance piece and it not have clutter. In Italy at the time, painting had a linear perspective. Linear perspective is a thematic formula for generating the illusion of space and distance on a flat surface, in this case a fresco or canvas The system originated in Romancer, Italy in the late sass. .u84c3b39139f0988e4a18cf1d47c3cdaf , .u84c3b39139f0988e4a18cf1d47c3cdaf .postImageUrl , .u84c3b39139f0988e4a18cf1d47c3cdaf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u84c3b39139f0988e4a18cf1d47c3cdaf , .u84c3b39139f0988e4a18cf1d47c3cdaf:hover , .u84c3b39139f0988e4a18cf1d47c3cdaf:visited , .u84c3b39139f0988e4a18cf1d47c3cdaf:active { border:0!important; } .u84c3b39139f0988e4a18cf1d47c3cdaf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u84c3b39139f0988e4a18cf1d47c3cdaf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u84c3b39139f0988e4a18cf1d47c3cdaf:active , .u84c3b39139f0988e4a18cf1d47c3cdaf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u84c3b39139f0988e4a18cf1d47c3cdaf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u84c3b39139f0988e4a18cf1d47c3cdaf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u84c3b39139f0988e4a18cf1d47c3cdaf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u84c3b39139f0988e4a18cf1d47c3cdaf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u84c3b39139f0988e4a18cf1d47c3cdaf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u84c3b39139f0988e4a18cf1d47c3cdaf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u84c3b39139f0988e4a18cf1d47c3cdaf .u84c3b39139f0988e4a18cf1d47c3cdaf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u84c3b39139f0988e4a18cf1d47c3cdaf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Harlem renaissance paper EssayThe artist and architect Brucellosis demonstrated its principles and excelled at IL Not only was painting revolutionized during the Renaissance but the art of sculpting took a dramatic change in both regions. In Italy, sculpture began to take shape of its Greek and Roman predecessor, in its depiction and ability to capture natural human elements. Marble sculpture was more predominant in Italy because of the vast marble quarries, which in the North numbered in the ewe if not none. Michelangelo free standing sculpture titled David would be one of the best examples of Italian Renaissance marble sculpture. In the North, sculpture did not take free standing form but in relief on church doors and buildings themselves, a technique that reminiscences from the Northern Renaissances Gothic roots. In most cases, sculpture unlike the paintings, would be commissioned by a Northern Renaissance church. Made of stone, these church sculptures would depict scenes from the bible. Sculptors would learn their trade in a Guild. A guild can be the only true aspect of the Renaissance that the North and Italy hared as a whole, A guild a center of learning and knowledge in a particular field of art or trade. The master or the head of the Guild and generally the best in that respective field, would apprentice out young men for the guild and teach them the tricks of the trade. 80th regions of the Renaissance enacted the use of Guilds to help spread the knowledge. The Renaissance, in the North and Italy, was a monumental period of change, not just for the world of art and sculpture, but for religion, technology and the use of science. Under the Renaissance, human progress was making up pace.

In Reference to Her Children Critical Analysis Essay Example

In Reference to Her Children Critical Analysis Essay Anne Bradstreet was perhaps the first established poet to voyage to the new world from England. In her poem â€Å"In Reference To Her Children†, expresses the love and sadness experienced throughout life raising her children and her devotion towards her everlasting reward. Anne Bradstreet was very proud that she raised good children and instilled them with religious and moral values. Anne says, â€Å"I had eight birds hatched in one nest† (1). This infers that she might have raised her children mostly by herself. Bradstreet proves her pride and relentless efforts to raise good children when she states, â€Å"I nursed them up with pain and care, Nor cost, nor labour did I spare† (4). She’s trying to express her love for her children, even though sometimes it hurt her to use disciplinary action on them. She wanted to make sure that they grew up knowing that there are consequences for their actions. During her poem Anne Bradstreet expresses her internal conflict with â€Å"empty nest syndrome. † â€Å"Chief of the brood then took his flight,† (7) suggests that Anne’s oldest son had boarded a boat and sailed somewhere far away. â€Å"My mournful chirps I after send, till he return, or I do end,† (9) shows the beginning of her internal struggle with loneliness as she is awaiting his return. At this moment, Anne has realized that her children are now growing and beginning to move out of the â€Å"nest. † They are no longer dependent on her to survive. She is struggling to trust that they will survive in life with what she has taught them. Two of her children leave the â€Å"nest† for marriage. One â€Å"flew† to the academy to attend college. We will write a custom essay sample on In Reference to Her Children Critical Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on In Reference to Her Children Critical Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on In Reference to Her Children Critical Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One â€Å"Is ‘mongst the shrubs and bushes flown,† (34) suggests that her fifth child became a forest ranger. With five of her children gone from home she felt as if part of her was missing, however she still had three children that remained in the nest. The pride and joy Bradstreet has for her children’s success increases as she watches them move out, but so does her loneliness. When reading Anne Bradstreet’s poem you can’t help but notice how much she brags about her children and their success. Anne watches each of her children until they are out of sight and waits to see which direction they disappear to. Bradstreet feels more and more empty and lonely after each of her children flies away, however she looks forward to the day that she can watch over them from heaven. In conclusion, Anne Bradstreet wanted her readers to feel the love she had for her children. Anne expressed her love and feelings throughout the poem in every way that she could. After Anne’s long struggle to let go of her children subsided and she left the nest in the end, Anne was rewarded with everlasting life and could watch over her children from heaven.

Margaret Murray Washington, First Lady of Tuskegee

Margaret Murray Washington, First Lady of Tuskegee Margaret Murray Washington was an educator, administrator, reformer, and clubwoman who married Booker T. Washington and worked closely with him at Tuskegee and on educational projects. She was very well known in her own time, she was somewhat forgotten in later treatments of black history, perhaps because of her association with a more conservative approach to winning racial equality. Early Years Margaret Murray Washington was born in Macon, Mississippi on March 8 as Margaret James Murray.  According to the 1870 census, she was born in 1861; her tombstone gives 1865 as her birth year.  Her mother, Lucy Murray, was a former slave and a washerwoman, mother of four to nine children (sources, even those approved by Margaret Murray Washington in her lifetime, have different numbers).  Margaret stated later in life that her father, an Irishman whose name is not known, died when she was seven years old.  Margaret and her older sister and next younger brother are listed in that 1870 census as â€Å"mulatto† and the youngest child, a boy then four, as black.  Ã‚   Also according to later stories by Margaret, after her father’s death, she moved in with a brother and sister named Sanders, Quakers, who served as adoptive or foster parents to her. She still was close to her mother and siblings; she is listed in the 1880 census as living at home with her mother, along with her older sister and, now, two younger sisters.  Later, she said that she had nine siblings and that only the youngest, born about 1871, had children. Education The Sanders guided Margaret towards a career in teaching.  She, like many women of the time, began teaching in local schools without any formal training; after one year, in 1880, she decided to pursue such formal training anyway at Fisk Preparatory School in Nashville, Tennessee.  By that time she was 19 years old, if the census record is correct; she may have understated her age believing that the school preferred younger students.  She worked half time and took the training half time, graduating with honors in 1889.  W.E.B. Du Bois was a classmate and became a lifelong friend. Tuskegee Her performance at Fisk was enough to win her a job offer at a Texas college, but she took a teaching position at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama instead.  By the next year, 1890, she had become the lady principal at the school, responsible for female students.  She succeeded Anna Thankful Ballantine, who had been involved in hiring her. A predecessor in that job was Olivia Davidson Washington, second wife of Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee’s famous founder, who died in May of 1889, and was still held in high respect at the school. Booker T. Washington Within the year, the widowed Booker T. Washington, who had met Margaret Murray at her Fisk senior dinner, began courting her.  She was reluctant to marry him when he asked her to do so.  She did not get along with one of his brothers with whom he was especially close, and that brother’s wife who had been caring for Booker T. Washington’s children after he was widowed.  Washington’s daughter, Portia, was outright hostile towards anyone taking her mother’s place. With marriage, she would become also the stepmother of his three still-young children.  Eventually, she decided to accept his proposal, and they were married on October 10, 1892. Mrs. Washington’s Role At Tuskegee, Margaret Murray Washington not only served as Lady Principal, with charge over the female students – most of whom would become teachers and faculty, she also founded the Women’s Industries Division and herself taught domestic arts. As Lady Principal, she was part of the school’s executive board. She also served as acting head of the school during her husband’s frequent travels, especially after his fame spread after a speech at the Atlanta Exposition in 1895.  His fundraising and other activities kept him away from the school as much as six months out of the year. Women’s Organizations She supported the Tuskegee agenda, summarized in the motto â€Å"Lifting as We Climb,† of responsibility to work to improve not only one’s self but the whole race.  This commitment she also lived out in her involvement in black women’s organizations, and in frequent speaking engagements.  Invited by Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, she helped form the National Federation of Afro-American Women in 1895, which merged the next year under her presidency with the Colored Women’s League, to form the National Association of Colored Women (NACW). â€Å"Lifting as We Climb† became the motto of the NACW. There, editing and publishing the journal for the organization, as well as serving as secretary of the executive board, she represented the conservative wing of the organization, focused on a more evolutionary change of African Americans to prepare for equality.  She was opposed by Ida B. Wells-Barnett, who favored a more activist stance, challenging racism more directly and with visible protest.  This reflected a division between the more cautious approach of her husband, Booker T. Washington, and the more radical position of W.E.B. Du Bois.  Margaret Murray Washington was president of the NACW for four years, beginning in 1912, as the organization increasingly moved towards the more political orientation of Wells-Barnett. Other Activism One of her other activities was organizing regular Saturday mother’s meetings at Tuskegee. Women of the town would come for socializing and an address, often by Mrs. Washington. The children who came with the mothers had their own activities in another room, so their mothers could focus on their meeting.  The group grew by 1904 to about 300 women. She often accompanied her husband on speaking trips, as the children grew old enough to be left in the care of others. Her task was often to address the wives of the men who attended her husband’s talks. In 1899, she accompanied her husband on a European trip. In 1904, Margaret Murray Washington’s niece and nephew came to live with the Washingtons at Tuskegee.  The nephew, Thomas J. Murray, worked at the bank associated with Tuskegee. The niece, much younger, took the name of Washington. Widowhood Years and Death In 1915, Booker T. Washington fell ill and his wife accompanied him back to Tuskegee where he died. He was buried next to his second wife on the campus at Tuskegee.  Margaret Murray Washington remained at Tuskegee, supporting the school and also continuing outside activities.  She denounced African Americans of the South who moved North during the Great Migration.  She was president from 1919 until 1925 of the Alabama Association of Women’s Clubs. She became involved in work to address issues of racism for women and children globally, founding and heading the International Council of Women of the Darker Races in 1921.  The organization, which was to promote â€Å"a larger appreciation of their history and accomplishment† in order to have â€Å"a greater degree of race pride for their own achievements and touch a greater themselves,† did not survive very long after Murray’s death. Still active at Tuskegee up until her death on June 4, 1925, Margaret Murray Washington was long considered the â€Å"first lady of Tuskegee.†Ã‚  She was buried next to her husband, as was his second wife.

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