Physico-chemical Properties of Pectin From Jelly Fig

Physico-chemical Properties of Pectin From Jelly Fig Changes in physico-chemical properties of pectin from jelly fig (Ficus awkeotsangMakino) seeds during extraction and gelling Chii-Ming Jiang, Ying-Jang Lai, Bor-Hon Lee, Wei-Hsien Chang, Ming-Chang Wu, Hung-Min Chang Abstract Degree of esterification of pectin from jelly fig (Ficus awkeotsangMakino) achene seeds and the pH value decreased rapidly during extraction, while apparent reduction of free calcium content in the pectin extract was observed at the gelling stage. Compared to those of the native pectin, total ester linkages and methyl ester linkages of pectin extract decreased, and the bound calcium content increased during pectin gelling. However, non-methyl ester linkages (the difference between the total ester linkage and the methyl ester linkage) increased by approximately 40% during pectin gelling, revealing esterification reaction between C6carboxyl groups and hydroxyl groups in the presence of pectinesterase. Scanning electron microscopy showed that pectin fragments from jelly curds were large with flake-like structure, while those from hot (85 °C) ethanol-treated achenes were small and porous. Keywords Pectin; Jelly fig (Ficus awkeotsangMakino) achenes; Jelly curd; Scanning electron microscope; Ester linkage Abstract Volatile essences of Calimyrna, Kadota, and Black Mission and Adriatic figs were prepared by passing large volumes of headspace gas through porous polymer traps at room temperature. The essences were analysed by gas chromatography, utilising wall-coated open-tubular glass capillary columns; structural elucidations were based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Differences between varieties appear to be quantitative rather than qualitative, and are not noticeably greater than differences between samples of the same variety. Compounds identified included acetaldehyde, dimethyl lacetal, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ethyl alcohol, ethyl propionate, ethyl iso butyrate, propyl acetate, methyl butyrate, isobutyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl-2-methyl butyrate,2-methyl butyl acetate,2-ethyl-1,2-dihydrothiophene, ethyl vale rate and3-hydroxy-2-butanone. Nutritional Values of 14 Fig Species and Bat Feeding Preferences  in Panama: Figs are a critical resource for many tropical frugivores, yet they often are referred to as low quality fruits. To determine their nutritive value, both as a group and for individual species, we analysed 14 fig species from Barro Colorader Island (BCI), Panama, for fiber, tannins, lipids, protein, carbohydrates, amino acids, and minerals. Seeds and pulp were analyzed separately. Fig fruit pulp consisted of about one-third digestible components, mostly carbohydrates with some lipids and proteins. Tannin, lignin, and water-soluble carbohydrates showed considerable variation among species, as did fruit size. Figs contained high amounts of amino acids, such as, lysine, valine, and arginine, and minerals, such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and phosphorus. One species, Ficus insipida, contained the highest concentrations of almost all amino acids, many minerals, and protein. Small figs had as much nutritional value per gram as large figs. Free-standing figs had higher percenta ges of protein, complex carbohydrates, and ash than strangler figs, which had higher percentages of water-soluble carbohydrates, tannins, and hemicellulose. The guild of fruit eating bats on BCI included ten common species with diets dominated by figs. Fecal analyses and captures at ripe fig trees showed a consistent pattern of resource partitioning. Small bats preferentially ate small-fruited and strangler figs  while large bats consumed mostly large-fruited and free-standing figs. Small bats most often ate F. bullenei, which has high levels of lipid and carbohydrates, and F. yoponensis, which has high levels of protein. Medium and large bats most often ate F. insipida, a nutritionally superior species; their second most eaten species was F. obtusifolia, in which the large size may make it efficient to eat. Each bat ate a variety of fig species, supporting the idea that although no single species of fig may be sufficient to sustain frugivores, a mix of fig species can provide a c omplete set of nutrients. Natural occurrence of fumonisin B1 in dried figs as an unexpected hazard Fumonisins produced by several Fusarium species especially by Fusarium verticilloides and Fusarium proliferatum and natural contaminants of corn and corn products all over the world (Jacksonand Jablonski, 2004; Scaff and Scussel, 2004). Fumonisins have been isolated in 1988 from F. verticilloides (formerly F. moniliforme Sheldon MRC 826) which is isolated from corns consumed in Transkei Region of Southern Africa (Gelderblom et al., 1988). Among the fumonisin derivatives, FB1 is the most common one and constitutes about 70–80% of the total fumonisin content of F.verticilloides cultures and naturally contaminated foods. Fumonisin B2 accounts for 15–25% of the total fumonisin, while fumonisin B3 accounts for 3–8% (Rheeder et al., 2002). However F.verticilloides and Fumonisins are found in all corn   Production areas, Fusarium spp. are more dominantly found in warm and dry regions. In addition to corn and corn products, Fumonisins have also been found in wheat and barley (Castella  et al., 1999), beer (Hlywka and Bullerman, 1999; Torres et al., 2001), rice (SCOOP, 2003), sorghum (Jackson and Jablonski, 2004), asparagus (Logrieco et al., 1998; SCOOP, 2003; Liu et al.,2005), black tea (Martins et al., 2001), medical plants (Omurtag  and YazÄ ±cÄ ±ogËËÅ"lu, 2004) and incaparina (Trucksess et al., 2002). Although its effects on human beings have not been clearly determined, it has been found that there may be a positive correlation between human esophageal cancer rates and occurrence of F. verticilloides and fumonisin in diet in Transkei – Southern Africa and Linksian–China (Castella et al., 1999; EHC,2000; Scaff and Scussel, 2004). It has also been determined that FB1 has nephrotoxic,  hepatotoxic and immunosuppressive effects against various ani mal species (EHC, 2000). It has been detected that fumonisins cause leukoencephalomalacia in horses, Porcine Pulmonary Edema and liver cancer in rats (Nelson et al., 1992; Castella et al., 1999; Scaff and Scussel, 2004). Fumonisins have been classified as a possible human carcinogen (Group 2B) by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) according to findings obtained from test  animals (IARC, 1993). Furthermore, tolerable daily intake (TDI) for fumonisin B1, B2 and B3 determined by European Commission- Scientific Committee on Food is 2 lg/kg body weight (SCF, 2003). Dried fig, very nutritional and a healthy food, is one of the most widely produced fruits in the world. Dried figs can be consumed directly, or as fig paste in production of different desserts and candies. Dried figs are the only known fruit that is allowed to fully ripen and semidry on the tree (Desai and Kotecha, 1995; Drusch and Ragab, 2003) Turkey is ranked first in dried fig exporting countries with approximately 52,600 tons of dried figs in 2005, equivalent to 52% of world’s dried fig exports (FAO, 2007). Dried figs are produced mainly in the Aegean Region in the western part of Turkey. Dried figs are a high risk commodity among dried fruits. Occurrence of aflatoxins (Iamanaka et al., 2007) and ochratoxin A (KarbancÄ ±oglu- Guler and Heperkan, 2008) in dried figs have been  previously determined. The temperature in Aegean Region duringthe ripening, harvesting and drying of figs are favourable for mould.

If I Could Change 3 Things About Myself Essay

Yes, maybe you will say:†Hey! That’s not enough! I need MORE! † but what are the three most importance things that you decide to change? If I could change three things about myself, I think first and foremost, I would change my desirous of food-ness. I got the stomach ache-ness when I was at Japan and tried not to eat so much. Well, to late for regrets now! I am eating now and just ate some ice-cream just now and ate fish chops for dinner. Well, good luck to me! Secondly, I would like to change my laziness. I had been pretty darn lazy through my whole life until now. Except for the time when my sister who is older than me by a year got to go to school and petty little me didn’t get to go. So, I got so interested in learning that I read ALL of my sister’s textbooks. And ever since my sister knew that I knew   that she was learning, made up a lame excuse and threw her homework to me and went to play some stupid computer game like†¦ MINES. Because she doesn’t know how to play it, she just simply pushes some buttons. But now, I inherited her laziness and she inherited my hardworkingness and it’s the other way round than the time we were kids. Lastly, I would like to change the fact that I don’t really have any talents. I’m suck in studying, not really good in sports. I would want my talents to be: singing, dancing and acting. So, I could just be a pop star when I grow up. Well, it’s really nice to be a star, you know, with people fan boy and fan girling you. You just sing, which you awesomely have HUGE talent at and you get tons of money for just ONE song you sing! It would be such an awesome life! Well, its probably pretty obvious that nobody is going to magically materialize from thin air and grant those for me. So seems like I would just need to keep working at it.

A Startling Fact about Ap Euro 2018 Leq Essay Samples Uncovered

A Startling Fact about Ap Euro 2018 Leq Essay Samples Uncovered Key Pieces of Ap Euro 2018 Leq Essay Samples It's your responsibility to recognize those shifts. You will want to be certain you set out a number of your time weekly so as to acquire your practice sessions in. Make certain not to spend an excessive amount of time on any 1 question so that you have sufficient time to answer them all. Search for any changes with time. The Fight Against Ap Euro 2018 Leq Essay Samples In this manner, you will be in a position to feel completely prepared to accept the AP European History exam! The sample prompts are discussions linked to the Progressive Era in the USA of America. By 1916 the stain of an overall war started to wear on the folks of Europe and some groups attempted to benefit from this strain. This one can look like a tiny no-brainer, but you'd be amazed how helpful it can be to get to understand the AP Euro History program and exam. You will be shown an essay questi on, followed by means of a collection of documents (typically 7) related to the topic of the question. You need to decide what sort of evidence you need to see in the documents or data which you have, dependent on the prompt question. You may use the documents offered to support your additional info. Formulate your own assumption before you have a look at the documents. Next, you're likely to want to delve a bit deeper in the DBQ section itself and get to learn how the examiners are likely to score the section. In the drop-down menu, select the chapter you wish to concentrate on. The quantity of paragraphs you've got between these ought to be dictated by the quantity of supporting points you jotted down in your rough outline. Your content paragraphs should be set in a logical purchase. Ap Euro 2018 Leq Essay Samples - Overview Lesson Summary The AP exam free response essay is frequently the last part of the test. By doing this, you're bound to hit each and every point her e when it concerns the DBQ part of your exam. But perhaps most of all, it is going to lay out how every sheet of information covered in the AP Euro course is related to the exam itself. Ap Euro 2018 Leq Essay Samples Fundamentals Explained To begin with, your essay needs to be organized into paragraphs. Thesis must not merely restate the question. Your thesis is easily the most important part. It should be original. Choosing Ap Euro 2018 Leq Essay Samples Is Simple The very first paragraph needs to be your introduction and the previous paragraph your conclusion. Stick to these statements with a succinct sentence that focuses on this issue or themes which are covered in each subsequent paragraph. Put because many paragraphs since this will help to make sense for your prompt. Each one directs you to finish a particular kind of response. College Board sample essay sets are a terrific method to test how well you comprehend the rubric. To be able to compose a well-organiz ed essay, it's important to adhere to a few straightforward guidelines. After that, don't neglect to reflect back to the thesis. It gives specific facts about the outset of slavery and its development. The Women's Rights Movement was among the movements that gained momentum in this moment. Formulate your own opinion in the particular subject. It's also the very first thing that the grader is likely to see, so begin with a strong thesis! You will have 55 minutes to finish the essay. It's going to prepare the whole essay. The other essays will help give you an awareness of what score your essay may have gotten that year and any areas you might have overlooked. Grading samples carefullywill help you receive a sense ofyour own blind spots so that you know what skills to concentrate on in your prep. On the most fundamental level, you are going to make use of these resources to acquire acquainted with the format and feel of the AP test and to ensure you know the content requi red to be successful on the test. Manage your entire body and your head will follow suit. Not just you get to get a superior grade, in the grueling procedure, you also learned some new understanding. Then choose questions which you feel most comfortable answering. Avoid run-on sentences and make sure to always use the active voice. The One Thing to Do for Ap Euro 2018 Leq Essay Samples This primarily impacts the practice resources offered for the free-response section, that has been substantially revised. Second, you'll want to become best friends with the practice questions they give, so be sure you've got easy accessibility to all those. Looking at several perspectives and points of view in the authentic historical time periods they're learning is key in enabling students to comprehend the way the era can impact beliefs, values and events which occur. Earning an exemplary score on this exam permits the student to make college credit for her or his efforts. 1 part of t he DBQ rubric that may be somewhat confusing initially is that students are requested to do this contextualization, but there's also an additional area which gives them the choice to use historical context. Now that you're acquainted with writing a DBQ essay, it wouldn't be too challenging in your part to compose an excellent and robust essay to land yourself a very good grade. The DBQ can be quite intimidating in the beginning. It is possible to take a look at my tips on building specific rubric-based skills in my personal article about how to compose a DBQ. There you've got it, folks. Obviously, the prominent issues in a particular era happened due to a reason. Our final bit of advice is to care for yourself.

Jury Process - 1134 Words

The Jury Selection Process Taurean F Dawkins Strayer University Huntsville, AL February 10, 2013 Abstract â€Å"The Jury Selection Process† is a research paper that reviews the jury selection process in detail. First we will review the stages of the criminal trail and go in depth with the jury selection process. The paper will demonstrate why the jury selection process is necessary for the United States as well as its patrons. The paper will also provide a break down of advantages and disadvantages on the jury selection process. In addition to the information listed above, we will review some large profile court cases and its jury selection process. This will determine just how detailed and challenging the process can prove to†¦show more content†¦In order to serve on this jury each of the potential juror had to fill out a number of different items. First, each potential juror had to complete 79-page questionnaires that contained 294 questions (Ford amp; Newton 1994). This questionnaire had questions pertaining the prosecution and the defense. In addition, each candidate had to complete a one-page â€Å"hardship† questionnaire (Ford amp; Newton 1994). Due to this difficult process the jury selection took two months to finish. By using this method it ensured that OJ Simpson received a fair trial and know one would be biased to his situation. Another example that we could review with a rigorous jury selection process would be the Michael Jackson case in 2011. The defendant in the case was Dr. Conrad Murray. Dr. Murray was accused and convicted for manslaughter because he gave Michael Jackson a powerful anesthetic and abandoned him. The pool of perspective jurors started with 145 people (Duke, 2011). With the prosecution and defense using their peremptory challenges, they narrow the juror list down to 84 potential jurors (Duke, 2011). In order to further investigate, each candidate had to fill out a questionnaire that contained 113 different questions (Duke, 2011). The prosecution and defense had a week in order to review the questions from each juror. Each side was allowed twenty minutes in order to question each potential juror and determine if they would be a good fit for this problematic case. By using thisShow MoreRelatedThe Jury System And The Criminal Justice Process1639 Words   |  7 Pages Jury duty is lampooned frequently in the popular culture as being a dreadfully boring waste of time and energy that keeps us all away from the more important things in life such as family, work, and getting drunk. Indeed, most of the time, juries see cases that are often dull and certain. Unfortunately, not all cases can be high profile, riveting murder cases that Nancy Grace can shrill on and on about for months on end. 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(Barken),pg 268 There are two more models inside the criminal court system that help portray the court s efficiency this would be Due Process Model and the Crime Control Model, these solves the predicamentRead MoreThe Texas Criminal Justice System852 Words   |  4 Pagesused against him in the court of law. He has the right to an attorney or have an appointed attorney if she cannot pay for one; and have an attorney present during questioning. If he wants to assert these rights, he must affirmatively say so. The process of reading the defendant his righ ts should take no more than five minutes. Within forty-eight after an arrest, he must be taken before a judge. The judge must inform the accused of the charges against him and whether there is an affidavit supporting